Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Introduction / Overview Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of chronic, relapsing disorders primarily represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and…
Topic Archive
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Introduction The anterior pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis, synthesises and secretes a group of polypeptide hormones that regulate a broad…
Thyroid Hormones
Introduction Thyroid hormones encompass a group of lipid‑soluble iodinated compounds produced by the thyroid gland, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These…
Thioamides and Iodides: Antithyroid Drugs
Introduction/Overview Thioamides and iodides constitute the principal pharmacologic classes employed in the management of thyrotoxicosis. Their distinct mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic profiles,…
Radioactive Iodine
Introduction Definition and Overview Radioactive iodine refers to isotopes of iodine that possess unstable nuclei and emit ionising radiation. These isotopes are…
Insulin Preparations and Analogues
Introduction/Overview Insulin remains the cornerstone of glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and a critical adjunct in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).…
Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides
Introduction Definition and Overview Sulfonylureas and meglitinides represent two major classes of oral hypoglycaemic agents that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β‑cells.…
Biguanides (Metformin)
1. Introduction Definition and overview of the concept Metformin, a member of the biguanide class of antidiabetic agents, is widely recognised as…
Thiazolidinediones and Alpha‑Glucosidase Inhibitors
Introduction / Overview Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the…
DPP-4 Inhibitors and GLP‑1 Analogues
Introduction / Overview Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) remains a global public health challenge, with an escalating prevalence driven by ageing populations,…