Cholinergic Agonists (Cholinomimetics)
Introduction/Overview Cholinergic agonists, commonly referred to as cholinomimetics, constitute a diverse group of pharmacologic agents that emulate the actions of the neurotransmitter…
Topic Archive
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Definitions and Scope of Pharmacology
Introduction / Overview Pharmacology, the scientific discipline that investigates the properties, actions, and uses of drugs, underpins modern therapeutic practice. The discipline…
Sources of Drugs
Introduction/Overview Drug discovery and development rely upon a spectrum of chemical entities that can be derived from diverse origins. Natural compounds isolated…
Drug Nomenclature
Introduction Definition and Overview Drug nomenclature refers to the systematic naming of pharmaceutical substances, encompassing generic, brand, chemical, and trade names. The…
Routes of Drug Administration
1. Introduction / Overview Effective pharmacotherapy is contingent upon the successful delivery of a drug to its intended site of action. The…
Drug Absorption and Bioavailability
Introduction Drug absorption refers to the movement of a pharmaceutical compound from the site of administration into the systemic circulation. Bioavailability is…
Drug Distribution and Plasma Protein Binding
Introduction Definition and Overview Drug distribution refers to the process by which a pharmaceutical compound is transported from the site of administration…
Biotransformation (Drug Metabolism Phase I and II)
Introduction Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, refers to the series of chemical modifications that a xenobiotic undergoes within a biological system.…
Drug Excretion and Elimination Kinetics
Introduction Drug excretion and elimination kinetics constitute the branch of pharmacokinetics that describes the processes by which pharmaceutical agents are removed from…
Pharmacokinetic Parameters: Half‑life, Clearance, and Volume of Distribution
Introduction Definition and Overview Pharmacokinetics encompasses the quantitative analysis of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Central to this discipline are…